Notes of a Stressed Student

||   ACIDS Uses Domestic – orange juice, vinegar Industry to produce a range of products (fertilisers, drugs, explosives and plastics) Environmental Damage Acid rain – corrosion of buildings (stone, marble, steel) Threat to aquatic life – Carbonic acid forms as CO 2 dissolves in H 2 O, causing oceans/lakes to become acidic. Properties Change the colour of some indicators Litmus paper goes red Corrosive Taste sour React with bases Molecular in structure Low pH Examples Hydrochloric acid Sulphuric acid Carbonic acid lactic acid ascorbic acid phosphoric acid hydrochloric acid ||   BASES Uses Effective cleaners – react with fats/oils to produce water soluble soaps Antacids Fertilisers and explosives Common Lab Acids •               ammonia NH 3 •               sodium hydroxide NaOH •  

|| SOLUBILITY Solubility Refers to the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a certain temperature. Sol: >10g/L Sparingly Sol: between 1g/L and 10g/L Insol: <1g/L What dissolves what? Polar dissolves polar Non – polar dissolves non polar When a salt is placed in water, the positive and negative ions become surrounded by water molecules – become hydrated. What dissolves in water? Insoluble – do not dissolve Ionic – dissociate: water pull ions from solid structure to form a solution. Conduct electricty Polar - ionisation: (may) react with water to form ions – acids and bases Polar – dissociation: form hydrogen bonds.   do not conduct electricity Saturated solution A solution that no more solute can be dissolved in at that temperature. Unsaturated solution A solution that contains less solute than i